Finding Symmetries

See also

The complete source code of this example can be found in symmetry_finder.py. A Jupyter notebook can be found in symmetry_finder.ipynb.

A basic example

Let’s start from the same 3D Rashba hamiltonian we used in the basic tutorial.

ham = ("hbar^2 / (2 * m) * (k_x**2 + k_y**2 + k_z**2) * eye(2) +" +
        "alpha * sigma_x * k_x + alpha * sigma_y * k_y + alpha * sigma_z * k_z")
# Convert to standard monomials form
H = qsymm.Model(ham)
H.tosympy()

\[\begin{split}\displaystyle \left[\begin{matrix}1.0 \alpha k_{z} + \frac{0.5 \hbar^{2} k_{x}^{2}}{m} + \frac{0.5 \hbar^{2} k_{y}^{2}}{m} + \frac{0.5 \hbar^{2} k_{z}^{2}}{m} & 1.0 \alpha k_{x} - 1.0 i \alpha k_{y}\\1.0 \alpha k_{x} + 1.0 i \alpha k_{y} & - 1.0 \alpha k_{z} + \frac{0.5 \hbar^{2} k_{x}^{2}}{m} + \frac{0.5 \hbar^{2} k_{y}^{2}}{m} + \frac{0.5 \hbar^{2} k_{z}^{2}}{m}\end{matrix}\right]\end{split}\]

We start from the cubic group as the set of candidates for point group symmetries:

cubic_group = qsymm.groups.cubic()

Then we can use symmetries to find point group symmetries, discrete onsite symmetries, and continuous symmetries:

sg, cg = qsymm.symmetries(H, cubic_group)

As before we see that we have 48 symmetries, but no continuous symmetries:

print(len(sg), len(cg))

48 0

If we take a look at a few of the symmetries, we see that it includes time reversal but not inversion:

from IPython.display import display

for i in range(1, 5):
  display(sg[-i])

\[R\left(-\frac{\pi}{2}, [1 0 0]\right) \mathcal{T}\]

\[R\left(\frac{\pi}{2}, [1 0 0]\right) \mathcal{T}\]

\[R\left(\pi, [1 0 0]\right) \mathcal{T}\]

\[R\left(\pi, [1 1 0]\right) \mathcal{T}\]

We can also get a more detailed representation of these group elements:

from IPython.display import Math

display(Math(qsymm.groups.pretty_print_pge(sg[28], latex=True, full=True)))

\[\begin{split}\displaystyle U H(\mathbf{k})^* U^{-1} = H(-R\mathbf{k}) \\R = R\left(\pi, [0 1 0]\right)\\U = \begin{bmatrix} 1.+0.j&-0.+0.j\\-0.+0.j& 1.+0.j\\\end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

We can check that this is the same as the full cubic group without inversion, plus time-reversal

C4 = qsymm.rotation(1/4, [1, 0, 0])
C3 = qsymm.rotation(1/3, [1, 1, 1])
TR = qsymm.time_reversal(3)

set(sg) == qsymm.groups.generate_group({C3, C4, TR})

True

Adding more elements

Now we’re going to add a 2-fold degeneracy to the above hamiltonian by taking the kroneker product with the 2x2 identity:

ham_degenerate = "kron(eye(2), " + ham + ")"
H_degenerate = qsymm.Model(ham_degenerate)

If we look for the symmetries in the same way as previously we will see that the above modification adds a continuous SU(2) symmetry:

sg, cg = qsymm.symmetries(H_degenerate, cubic_group)

cg

\[\begin{split}\left[ H(\mathbf{{k}}), L \right] = 0 \\L = \begin{bmatrix}1.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j\\0.+0.j&1.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j& 0.+0.j&-1.+0.j& 0.+0.j\\ 0.+0.j& 0.+0.j& 0.+0.j&-1.+0.j\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\\left[ H(\mathbf{{k}}), L \right] = 0 \\L = \begin{bmatrix}0.+0.j&0.+0.j&1.+0.j&0.+0.j\\0.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j&1.+0.j\\1.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j\\0.+0.j&1.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\\left[ H(\mathbf{{k}}), L \right] = 0 \\L = \begin{bmatrix}0.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+1.j&0.+0.j\\0.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+1.j\\0.-1.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j\\0.+0.j&0.-1.j&0.+0.j&0.+0.j\\\end{bmatrix} \\\end{split}\]

If we instead add a particle-hole degree of freedom by using \(σ_z\) instead of the 2x2 identity then we instead get a continuous U(1) (charge conservation) symmetry:

ham_ph = "kron(sigma_z, " + ham + ")"
H_ph = qsymm.Model(ham_ph)
sg, cg = qsymm.symmetries(H_ph, cubic_group)
print(len(cg))

1

cg

\[\begin{split}\left[ H(\mathbf{{k}}), L \right] = 0 \\L = \begin{bmatrix}-0.5+0.j& 0. +0.j& 0. +0.j& 0. +0.j\\ 0. +0.j&-0.5+0.j& 0. +0.j& 0. +0.j\\0. +0.j&0. +0.j&0.5+0.j&0. +0.j\\0. +0.j&0. +0.j&0. +0.j&0.5+0.j\\\end{bmatrix} \\\end{split}\]

Rashba Hamiltonian with \(J = 3/2\)

J_x, J_y, J_z = qsymm.groups.spin_matrices(3/2)
ham_rashba = (
    "hbar^2 / (2 * m) * (k_x**2 + k_y**2 + k_z**2) * eye(4) +" +
    "alpha * J_x * k_x + alpha * J_y * k_y + alpha * J_z * k_z"
)
H_rashba = qsymm.Model(ham_rashba, locals=dict(J_x=J_x, J_y=J_y, J_z=J_z))
H_rashba.tosympy(nsimplify=True)

\[\begin{split}\displaystyle \left[\begin{matrix}\frac{3 \alpha k_{z}}{2} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{x}^{2}}{2 m} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{y}^{2}}{2 m} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{z}^{2}}{2 m} & \frac{\sqrt{3} \alpha k_{x}}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3} i \alpha k_{y}}{2} & 0 & 0\\\frac{\sqrt{3} \alpha k_{x}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3} i \alpha k_{y}}{2} & \frac{\alpha k_{z}}{2} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{x}^{2}}{2 m} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{y}^{2}}{2 m} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{z}^{2}}{2 m} & \alpha k_{x} - i \alpha k_{y} & 0\\0 & \alpha k_{x} + i \alpha k_{y} & - \frac{\alpha k_{z}}{2} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{x}^{2}}{2 m} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{y}^{2}}{2 m} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{z}^{2}}{2 m} & \frac{\sqrt{3} \alpha k_{x}}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3} i \alpha k_{y}}{2}\\0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{3} \alpha k_{x}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3} i \alpha k_{y}}{2} & - \frac{3 \alpha k_{z}}{2} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{x}^{2}}{2 m} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{y}^{2}}{2 m} + \frac{\hbar^{2} k_{z}^{2}}{2 m}\end{matrix}\right]\end{split}\]

Note in the above that we had to tell the Model about the \(J_x\), \(J_y\) and \(J_z\) matrices by passing a dictionary locals, which maps symbols in ham_rashba to the corresponding matrices.

We again find the symmetries of this model, starting the search from the full cubic group:

sg, cg = qsymm.symmetries(H_rashba, cubic_group)

The symmetry group should be the same as the full cubic group without inversion, plus time-reversal:

set(sg) == qsymm.groups.generate_group({C4, C3, TR})

True

Bloch Hamiltonian

Let’s start by defining the hexagonal point group in 2D:

hex_group_2D = qsymm.groups.hexagonal()

Next we define a model for a single-band tight-binding model with nearest-neighbor hopping on a triangular lattice:

ham_tri = 'm * (cos(k_x) + cos(1/2*k_x + sqrt(3)/2*k_y) + cos(-1/2*k_x + sqrt(3)/2*k_y))'
display(qsymm.sympify(ham_tri))

\[\displaystyle m \left(\cos{\left(k_{x} \right)} + \cos{\left(- \frac{k_{x}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3} k_{y}}{2} \right)} + \cos{\left(\frac{k_{x}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3} k_{y}}{2} \right)}\right)\]

H_tri = qsymm.Model(ham_tri, momenta=['k_x', 'k_y'])

We find the symmetries, starting from the full hexagonal point group:

sg, cg = qsymm.symmetries(H_tri, hex_group_2D)

and verify that the point group of the model is the hexagonal group, without particle-hole symmetry:

set(sg) == qsymm.groups.hexagonal(ph=False)

True

Continuous rotation symmetry

The Rashba Hamiltonian we defined at the start of this tutorial actually has full rotation invariance:

display(qsymm.sympify(ham))
pg, cg = qsymm.symmetries(H, continuous_rotations=True, prettify=True)

\[\begin{split}\displaystyle \left[\begin{matrix}\alpha k_{z} + \frac{\hbar^{2} \left(k_{x}^{2} + k_{y}^{2} + k_{z}^{2}\right)}{2 m} & \alpha k_{x} - i \alpha k_{y}\\\alpha k_{x} + i \alpha k_{y} & - \alpha k_{z} + \frac{\hbar^{2} \left(k_{x}^{2} + k_{y}^{2} + k_{z}^{2}\right)}{2 m}\end{matrix}\right]\end{split}\]

cg

\[\begin{split}e^{-i\phi L}H(\mathbf{k})e^{i\phi L} = H(R_{\phi}\mathbf{k}) \\R_{\phi} = R\left(\phi, [0 0 1]\right)\\L = \begin{bmatrix}0.5+0.j&0. +0.j\\ 0. +0.j&-0.5+0.j\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\e^{-i\phi L}H(\mathbf{k})e^{i\phi L} = H(R_{\phi}\mathbf{k}) \\R_{\phi} = R\left(\phi, [ 0 -1 0]\right)\\L = \begin{bmatrix}0.+0.j &0.+0.5j\\0.-0.5j&0.+0.j \\\end{bmatrix} \\\\e^{-i\phi L}H(\mathbf{k})e^{i\phi L} = H(R_{\phi}\mathbf{k}) \\R_{\phi} = R\left(\phi, [1 0 0]\right)\\L = \begin{bmatrix}0. +0.j&0.5+0.j\\0.5+0.j&0. +0.j\\\end{bmatrix} \\\end{split}\]

\(k \cdot p\) Hamiltonian

Here we start from an 8x8 \(k \cdot p\) Hamiltonian that models a zinc-blende semiconductor:

ham_kp = 'Matrix([[hbar**2*k_x*gamma_0*k_x/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_y*gamma_0*k_y/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_z*gamma_0*k_z/(2*m_0)+E_0+E_v,0,-sqrt(2)*P*k_x/2-sqrt(2)*I*P*k_y/2,sqrt(6)*P*k_z/3,sqrt(6)*P*k_x/6-sqrt(6)*I*P*k_y/6,0,-sqrt(3)*P*k_z/3,-sqrt(3)*P*k_x/3+sqrt(3)*I*P*k_y/3],[0,hbar**2*k_x*gamma_0*k_x/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_y*gamma_0*k_y/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_z*gamma_0*k_z/(2*m_0)+E_0+E_v,0,-sqrt(6)*P*k_x/6-sqrt(6)*I*P*k_y/6,sqrt(6)*P*k_z/3,sqrt(2)*P*k_x/2-sqrt(2)*I*P*k_y/2,-sqrt(3)*P*k_x/3-sqrt(3)*I*P*k_y/3,sqrt(3)*P*k_z/3],[-sqrt(2)*k_x*P/2+sqrt(2)*I*k_y*P/2,0,-hbar**2*k_x*gamma_1*k_x/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(2*m_0)-3*I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_y*gamma_1*k_y/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(2*m_0)+3*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_z*gamma_1*k_z/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_z*gamma_2*k_z/m_0+E_v,sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(6*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(6*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(6*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(6*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0),sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0),0,-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(12*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(12*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(12*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(12*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(4*m_0),-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0)],[sqrt(6)*k_z*P/3,-sqrt(6)*k_x*P/6+sqrt(6)*I*k_y*P/6,sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(6*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(6*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(6*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(6*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0),-hbar**2*k_x*gamma_1*k_x/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(6*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_y*gamma_1*k_y/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(6*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_z*gamma_1*k_z/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_z*gamma_2*k_z/m_0+E_v,hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(3*m_0)+hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/m_0-I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(3*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/m_0-hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(3*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(3*m_0)-hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/m_0+I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/m_0,sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0),-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(6*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(6*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_2*k_z/m_0,3*sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(12*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)-3*sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(12*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)+3*sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(4*m_0)-3*sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(4*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(12*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(12*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(4*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(4*m_0)],[sqrt(6)*k_x*P/6+sqrt(6)*I*k_y*P/6,sqrt(6)*k_z*P/3,sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0),-hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(3*m_0)-hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/m_0-I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(3*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/m_0+hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(3*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(3*m_0)+hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/m_0+I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/m_0,-hbar**2*k_x*gamma_1*k_x/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(6*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_y*gamma_1*k_y/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(6*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_z*gamma_1*k_z/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_z*gamma_2*k_z/m_0+E_v,-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(6*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(6*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(6*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(6*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0),3*sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(12*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)+3*sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(12*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)+3*sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(4*m_0)+3*sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(4*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(12*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(12*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(4*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(4*m_0),sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(6*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(6*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_2*k_z/m_0],[0,sqrt(2)*k_x*P/2+sqrt(2)*I*k_y*P/2,0,sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0),-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(6*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(6*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(6*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(6*m_0)+sqrt(3)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(3)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0),-hbar**2*k_x*gamma_1*k_x/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(2*m_0)+3*I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_y*gamma_1*k_y/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(2*m_0)-3*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)-hbar**2*k_z*gamma_1*k_z/(2*m_0)+hbar**2*k_z*gamma_2*k_z/m_0+E_v,sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0),-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(12*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(12*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(12*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(12*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(4*m_0)],[-sqrt(3)*k_z*P/3,-sqrt(3)*k_x*P/3+sqrt(3)*I*k_y*P/3,-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(12*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(12*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(12*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(12*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(4*m_0),-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(6*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(6*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_2*k_z/m_0,3*sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(12*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)-3*sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(12*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)+3*sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(4*m_0)-3*sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(4*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(12*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(12*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(4*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(4*m_0),sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0),-hbar**2*k_x*gamma_1*k_x/(2*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(3*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/m_0-hbar**2*k_y*gamma_1*k_y/(2*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(3*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/m_0-hbar**2*k_z*gamma_1*k_z/(2*m_0)-Delta+E_v,hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(3*m_0)+hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/m_0-I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(3*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/m_0-hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(3*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(3*m_0)-hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/m_0+I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/m_0],[-sqrt(3)*k_x*P/3-sqrt(3)*I*k_y*P/3,sqrt(3)*k_z*P/3,-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_x/(2*m_0),3*sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(12*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)+3*sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(12*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)+3*sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(4*m_0)+3*sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(4*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(12*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(12*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(4*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(4*m_0),sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_2*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(6*m_0)-sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_2*k_y/(2*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(6*m_0)+sqrt(2)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/(2*m_0)-sqrt(2)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_2*k_z/m_0,-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(12*m_0)+sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*gamma_3*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(12*m_0)-sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_x/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*gamma_3*k_y/(4*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(12*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(12*m_0)-sqrt(6)*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/(4*m_0)+sqrt(6)*I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/(4*m_0),-hbar**2*k_x*k_z/(3*m_0)-hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_z/m_0-I*hbar**2*k_y*k_z/(3*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_z/m_0+hbar**2*k_z*k_x/(3*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_z*k_y/(3*m_0)+hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_x/m_0+I*hbar**2*k_z*kappa*k_y/m_0,-hbar**2*k_x*gamma_1*k_x/(2*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_x*k_y/(3*m_0)+I*hbar**2*k_x*kappa*k_y/m_0-hbar**2*k_y*gamma_1*k_y/(2*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_y*k_x/(3*m_0)-I*hbar**2*k_y*kappa*k_x/m_0-hbar**2*k_z*gamma_1*k_z/(2*m_0)-Delta+E_v]])'
Hkp = qsymm.Model(ham_kp)

The symmetry is the full cubic group with time reversal; 96 elements:

sg, cg = qsymm.symmetries(Hkp, cubic_group)
print(len(sg))

96

If we restrict the parameters we can change the symmetry group:

kp_examples = [
    {'hbar': 1},
    {'hbar': 1, 'P': 0, 'Delta': 0},
    {'hbar': 1, 'P': 0, 'Delta': 0, 'gamma_3': 0},
    {'hbar': 1, 'gamma_2': 'gamma_1', 'gamma_3': 'gamma_1', 'k_z': 0},
    {'hbar': 1, 'P': 0, 'Delta': 0, 'gamma_3': 0},
    {'hbar': 1, 'Delta': 0, 'k_z': 0},
]

for subs in kp_examples:
    Hkp = qsymm.Model(ham_kp, locals=subs)
    sg, cg = qsymm.symmetries(Hkp, cubic_group)
    print(subs, len(sg), len(cg))

{'hbar': 1} 96 0

{'hbar': 1, 'P': 0, 'Delta': 0} 96 7

{'hbar': 1, 'P': 0, 'Delta': 0, 'gamma_3': 0} 96 15

{'hbar': 1, 'gamma_2': 'gamma_1', 'gamma_3': 'gamma_1', 'k_z': 0} 32 1

{'hbar': 1, 'P': 0, 'Delta': 0, 'gamma_3': 0} 96 15

{'hbar': 1, 'Delta': 0, 'k_z': 0} 32 7